EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Lithium-ion batteries are developing into a widely used technology in the field of electromobility, defense, and stationary energy storage owing to their high energy density and low associated costs. However, recent incidents such as rapid failure of battery packs, fire-safety issues, and damage to battery packs by fast charging have harmed the brand reputations of cell manufacturers and OEMs. The majority of such incidents are a result of poor cell quality and ineffective quality-detection methods adopted as the industry standard. Real-time electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (RT-EIS) by far supersedes the existing quality-detection methods in the most important metrics - speed, accuracy, robustness, and operational costs.